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kubernetes-the-hard-way: A learning guide to assembling a Kubernetes cluster manually without scripts

kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way

·2026.09.25 20:51

This guide walks you through the process of manually building a Kubernetes cluster, excluding automated deployment tools. It focuses on understanding the fundamental principles of how each component interacts.

Using the latest versions of components such as kubernetes v1.32.x, containerd v2.1.x, and etcd v3.6.x, you will create a cluster consisting of one control plane and two worker nodes. You will perform every step manually, from generating TLS certificates and bootstrapping etcd to configuring network routing.

This tutorial is for learning purposes, not for production environments. It removes complex abstraction layers to configure the cluster using only pure configuration files and commands. It provides practical assistance to engineers who need to understand the internal structure of Kubernetes.

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kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way

Bootstrap Kubernetes the hard way. No scripts.

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